On IBM Cloud, I have an account with multiple other users. To organize teamwork, I followed best practices for organizing users, teams, applications and made use of the IBM Cloud IAM (Identity and Access Management) capabilities.
With users, service IDs, access groups, and access policies in place, I wondered how to get insights into per-user privileges and the scope of service ID permissions. Sure, I could use the IBM Cloud console (UI) or the Command Line Interface (CLI), but why not test the API (Application Programming Interface) for some customized reporting? The script is available on GitHub.
IAM access groups and policies
As the name implies, IBM Cloud IAM (Identity and Access Management) is the core component of IBM Cloud to handle identities and manage their access to resources. Identities include regular users as well as service IDs, which can be used by applications, tool(chain)s, and more.
To grant access to a resource, an administrator can create a policy for a user or service ID and assign roles on that type of service and its instances. These policies are called authorizations. Roles are a set of service-specific privileges (security attributes). To simplify administration and easily grant the same privileges to users and service IDs, access groups can be used to bundle the authorizations. Thus, an access group combines users, service IDs, and access policies. Users can be part of several access groups.
As a consequence, an identity can have many associated policies - assigned directly (authorizations) or through access groups of which the identity is member.
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| Sample access group |
IBM Cloud APIs
IBM Cloud offers APIs for its platform and services. The documentation portal has the API & SDK reference library. There, in the Platform category, you find the IAM Identity Services, IAM Policy Management, and the IAM Access Groups APIs. They can be utilized to do the following:
- Turn an IAM API key into an IAM authentication token (Identity).
- Retrieve information about the account associated with the API key (Identity).
- Obtain the list of access groups for the account or identity (Access Groups).
- Return details on all the policies identified by attributes like the related access group or assigned identity (Policy Management).
Retrieve access privileges
The Python script for the policy report makes use of the above mentioned APIs and implements exactly those four steps. It can be used to retrieve the policies for the entire account or only a specified identity (i.e., user or service ID).
After reading in the API key, it turns it into an IAM bearer token and retrieves the associated account_id, then first fetches the access groups related to the identity or the entire account. For each group, it fetches and prints the policies. Thereafter, all policies directly related to the identity are retrieved and printed. All that is needed is an API key and (optionally) the IAM ID of the user or service ID. The GitHub repository has instructions on how to create the API key and obtain the IAM IDs for users and service IDs.
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| Sample access policy |
Conclusions
The script prints policy information as plain text. But the JSON source could be easily integrated into other tools, turned into a graph (using Graphviz), or combined further with information about services and their instances. The first step is done by turning an API key into a list of access policies.
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